CEGAH SARKOPENIA DENGAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS OTOT
Oleh: Ratmawati, S.Gz., M.Gz, Jurusan Gizi
(Pangkal Pinang, 13 Maret 2025)
Istilah sarkopenia dikenal sebagai proses kehilangan massa otot, fungsi dan kualitas otot yang cenderung terjadi pada lansia ≥ 60 tahun. Sarkopenia menurut EWGSOP merupakan sindrom yang ditandai dengan kehilangan massa otot, kekuatan otot dan kinerja fisik sehingga dapat berisiko mengalami kecacatan fisik, penurunan kualitas hidup, peningkatan risiko jatuh, mempengaruhi kemandirian dan kematian.
Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) juga menggunakan pendekatan dari EWGSOP ditambah beberapa perspektif di Asia dalam mendiagnosis terjadinya sarcopenia. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh adanya perbedaan etnis, genetik, ukuran tubuh, gaya hidup dan latar belakang budaya. Pendekatan yang direkomendasikan adalah mengukur perubahan massa otot, kekuatan dan fungsinya, kinerja fisik, frailty, dan aktivitas. Perubahan fungsi tubuh, biologis dan fisik dapat menjadi biomarker dalam uji klinis sarcopenia.
Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan kekuatan otot seseorang lebih cepat terjadi dibandingkan dengan penurunan massa otot. Karena terjadi penurunan jumlah otot dan kualitas otot seiring bertambahnya usia. Kekuatan otot dapat dinilai berdasarkan indikator kekuatan genggaman tangan. Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kekuatan genggam tangan lansia adalah usia, jenis kelamin, total lemak tubuh, gaya hidup, status kesehatan, dan massa bebas lemak. Hand grip strength (HGS) merupakan gold standard yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai kekuatan otot dalam penelitian dan praktik klinis. Pengukuran kekuatan otot dilakukan dengan menggunakan hand grip dynamometer pada tiga kali pengukuran di tangan yang dominan dan diambil nilai tertinggi dalam posisi berdiri.
Penelitian Riviati et al. (2017) menyatakan pasien yang mempunyai umur >75 tahun dengan kondisi malnutrisi dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya penurunan HGS. Penelitian AlQahtani et al. (2019), melakukan analisis faktor usia, jenis kelamin, status pernikahan, tingkat pendidikan, dan antropometri terhadap kekuatan otot. Usia responden dikelompokkan menjadi 65-69 tahun, 70-74 tahun, dan 75-80 tahun. Penelitian Marlino D (2021), menyatakan bahwa HGS pada tangan dominan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tangan tidak dominan pada semua kategori status gizi dan meningkat dengan bertambahnya usia. Penelitian Chan K et al. (2020) juga menyatakan HGS dapat memprediksi lamanya waktu tinggal pasien di rumah sakit.
Beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya sarkopenia, diantaranya:
- Usia
Orang sehat mengalami penurunan massa otot 1% per tahun usia 20-30 tahun; sedikit perubahan massa otot, daya otot, dan kekuatan otot diusia 30-50 tahun; kemudian dipercepat usia 50 tahun. Sebelum 60 tahun, masih ada peluang mencegah penurunan massa otot atau fungsi fisik. Korelasi kekuatan otot dan kinerja fisik bervariasi menurut kategori usia dan bermakna pada kelompok lansia. Penelitian menunjukkan perempuan memiliki kekuatan otot lebih lemah dan fungsi fisik lebih rendah.
- Status Gizi
- Aktivitas Fisik
Sarkopenia berhubungan dengan gaya hidup sedentary yang dapat mempengaruhi kuantitas dan kualitas otot. Obesitas tanpa olahraga selama proses penuaan berkontribusi terhadap penurunan massa otot dan kualitas otot yang disebabkan infiltrasi lemak ke dalam otot. Manajemen latihan fisik menjadi penting untuk menjaga kekuatan dan fungsi otot dengan menurunkan berat badan terfokus pada kehilangan lemak. Kombinasi pembatasan kalori yang moderat, peningkatan asupan protein dan olahraga menjadi intervensi yang tepat.
- Asupan Makanan Sumber Protein
Asupan gizi seimbang terutama protein, energi, asam amino leusin dan vitamin D dapat meningkatkan massa otot lansia. Rendahnya asupan dipengaruhi nafsu makan, perubahan fisiologis, kondisi medis, kecacatan, serta kerawanan pangan.
- Penyakit Kronis
Kombinasi hubungan penyakit kronis dengan rendahnya massa otot skeletal merupakan tanda dalam proses penuaan yang mempengaruhi kinerja fisik. Penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan rendahnya kekuatan otot dan kinerja fisik berkaitan dengan penyakit kronis, termasuk diabetes, hipertensi, arthritis dan osteoporosis.
Menjaga mobilitas fisik, fungsi fisik dan kemandirian menjadi hal penting bagi lansia untuk menghambat perkembangan sarkopenia. Upaya ditekankan pada aktivitas fisik dan kombinasi asupan gizi terutama protein dan energi berdasarkan angka kecukupan gizi (AKG) untuk meningkatkan massa otot dan fungsi fisik, serta mencapai keseimbangan protein otot yang positif. Sintesis protein otot dapat melebihi pemecahan protein otot dengan asupan protein yang adekuat dan olahraga. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) terutama leusin, berperan mengatur jalur pensinyalan sintesis protein otot.
Hasil penelitian menyatakan prevalensi sarkopenia pada lansia dengan usia 60-85 tahun berdasarkan nilai cut-off rekomendasi AWGS adalah 9,1% (7,4% untuk laki-laki dan 1,7% untuk perempuan), sedangkan berdasarkan nilai cut-off populasi Taiwan sebesar 40,6% (20,1% untuk laki-laki dan 20,5% untuk perempuan). Nilai cut-off parameter diagnosis sarkopenia perlu ditetapkan spesifik pada populasi lansia di komunitas Asia dan Indonesia agar analisis prevalensi sarkopenia lebih akurat.
Manajemen sarkopenia melalui penilaian dan skrining tertuju pada peningkatan massa otot dan fungsi fisik untuk mencapai keseimbangan protein otot yang positif, mendeteksi perubahan otot selama proses penuaan serta menunda perkembangan kehilangan otot.
Penelitian Bauer et al (2015) menyatakan vitamin D dan whey protein diperkaya leusin, merangsang sintesis protein otot dalam keadaan akut dan memperbaiki ukuran sarkopenia selama 3 bulan intervensi. Olahraga sebagai terapi standar untuk meningkatkan kekuatan otot dan fungsi fisik lansia dengan sarkopenia. Lansia usia 70 tahun kehilangan rata-rata 5% sampai 10% massa otot per dekade. Kenaikan total 1% appendicular muscle mass setelah 13 minggu intervensi menghemat 1 sampai 2 tahun penurunan massa otot. Kebiasaan asupan protein tinggi berkorelasi dengan retensi appendicular muscle mass.
PREVENT SARCOPENIA BY IMPROVING MUSCLE QUALITY
By: Ratmawati, S.Gz., M.Gz, Nutrition Department
(Pangkal Pinang, March 13, 2025)
The term sarcopenia is known as the process of losing muscle mass, function and muscle quality that tends to occur in the elderly ≥ 60 years. Sarcopenia according to EWGSOP is a syndrome characterized by loss of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance so that it can be at risk of physical disability, decreased quality of life, increased risk of falls, affecting independence and death.
The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) also uses the EWGSOP approach plus several perspectives in Asia in diagnosing sarcopenia. This is influenced by differences in ethnicity, genetics, body size, lifestyle and cultural background. The recommended approach is to measure changes in muscle mass, strength and function, physical performance, frailty, and activity. Changes in body function, biology and physical can be biomarkers in clinical trials of sarcopenia. Research shows that a person's muscle strength declines more quickly than muscle mass. Because there is a decrease in the number of muscles and muscle quality with age. Muscle strength can be assessed based on the handgrip strength indicator. The main factors that affect the grip strength of the elderly are age, gender, total body fat, lifestyle, health status, and fat-free mass. Hand grip strength (HGS) is the gold standard that can be used to assess muscle strength in research and clinical practice. Muscle strength measurements are carried out using a hand grip dynamometer on three measurements in the dominant hand and the highest value is taken in a standing position.
Research by Riviati et al. (2017) stated that patients who are >75 years old with malnutrition can increase the risk of HGS decline. Research by AlQahtani et al. (2019), conducted an analysis of age, gender, marital status, education level, and anthropometry factors on muscle strength. The ages of respondents were grouped into 65-69 years, 70-74 years, and 75-80 years. Marlino D's study (2021) stated that HGS in the dominant hand was higher than in the non-dominant hand in all nutritional status categories and increased with age. Chan K et al. study (2020) also stated that HGS can predict the length of time a patient stays in the hospital.
Several factors that can influence the occurrence of sarcopenia include:
1) Age
Healthy people experience a 1% decrease in muscle mass per year at the age of 20-30 years; little change in muscle mass, muscle power, and muscle strength at the age of 30-50 years; then accelerated at the age of 50 years. Before 60 years, there is still a chance to prevent a decrease in muscle mass or physical function. The correlation between muscle strength and physical performance varies by age category and is significant in the elderly group. Research shows that women have weaker muscle strength and lower physical function.
2) Nutritional Status
Sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome is influenced by the nutritional status and health of the elderly based on the results of measurements of muscle strength and walking speed. Changes in body composition are characteristics of the aging process that are associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass and increased fat mass. Obesity nutritional status synergistically causes metabolic disorders and affects physical function, especially in the elderly female population in Asia.
3) Physical Activity
Sarcopenia is associated with a sedentary lifestyle that can affect muscle quantity and quality. Obesity without exercise during the aging process contributes to decreased muscle mass and muscle quality caused by fat infiltration into the muscles. Physical exercise management is important to maintain muscle strength and function by reducing weight focused on fat loss. A combination of moderate calorie restriction, increased protein intake and exercise are appropriate interventions.
4) Protein Food Intake
A balanced nutritional intake, especially protein, energy, leucine amino acids and vitamin D can increase muscle mass in the elderly. Low intake is influenced by appetite, physiological changes, medical conditions, disabilities, and food insecurity.
5) Chronic Disease
The combination of chronic disease and low skeletal muscle mass is a sign of the aging process that affects physical performance. Previous studies have shown that low muscle strength and physical performance are associated with chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, arthritis and osteoporosis.
Maintaining physical mobility, physical function and independence is important for the elderly to inhibit the development of sarcopenia. Efforts are emphasized on physical activity and a combination of nutritional intake, especially protein and energy based on the nutritional adequacy rate (AKG) to increase muscle mass and physical function, and achieve a positive muscle protein balance. Muscle protein synthesis can exceed muscle protein breakdown with adequate protein intake and exercise. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), especially leucine, play a role in regulating the muscle protein synthesis signaling pathway.
Research in Bandung, stated that the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly aged 60-85 years based on the AWGS recommendation cut-off value was 9.1% (7.4% for men and 1.7% for women), while based on the Taiwanese population cut-off value of 40.6% (20.1% for men and 20.5% for women). The cut-off value of the sarcopenia diagnosis parameters needs to be determined specifically in the elderly population in the Asian and Indonesian communities so that the analysis of the prevalence of sarcopenia is more accurate. Sarcopenia management through assessment and screening is aimed at increasing muscle mass and physical function to achieve a positive muscle protein balance, detect muscle changes during the aging process and delay the progression of muscle loss. Several studies have stated that proper nutritional intake, especially energy and protein, and physical activity play a role in sarcopenia management.
Bauer et al. (2015) study stated that vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein stimulate muscle protein synthesis in acute conditions and improve sarcopenia size during 3 months of intervention. Exercise as a standard therapy to improve muscle strength and physical function in the elderly with sarcopenia. Elderly people aged 70 years lose an average of 5% to 10% muscle mass per decade. A total increase of 1% appendicular muscle mass after 13 weeks of intervention saves 1 to 2 years of muscle mass loss. High protein intake habits correlate with appendicular muscle mass retention.